This study addresses a significant knowledge gap in understanding the effects of Task-Specific enjoyment and anxiety conditions on the language mindset of Iranian EFL learners in a listening course. Using a quasi-experimental design, 75 male high school students were divided into three groups: a Task enjoyment (TE) group, a Task anxiety (TA) group, and a control group. The TE group participated in a low-stakes, autonomy-based listening Task designed to foster enjoyment, while the TA group completed a high-stakes, evaluative listening Task intended to induce anxiety. Data were collected using standardized instruments, including the Foreign Language Enjoyment Scale (FLES), the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS), and the Language Mindset Inventory (LMI). A series of T-tests and ANOVA were conducted to analyze pre- and post-test scores across the three groups. Results showed that the TE group experienced significantly higher levels of Task enjoyment and subsequently developed significantly stronger growth-oriented beliefs regarding overall linguistic intelligence and second language learning compared to both the TA and control groups. Conversely, the TA group exhibited significantly higher anxiety levels and a shift toward more fixed language mindsets. No significant differences were found between groups regarding beliefs about age sensitivity in language learning. These findings highlight the importance of considering Task-related emotions in language teaching and suggest that fostering enjoyment through autonomy-supportive Tasks can promote a growth mindset, while anxiety-inducing Tasks may reinforce fixed beliefs about language learning.

Background: Motor imagery Training is a cognitive process in which an internal representation of amovementis activated in working memory. The movement is mentally rehearsed, without any physical activity. Task-Specific Training emphasizes the repetitive practice of skilled movement to enhance functional abilities in hemiparesis. Objectives: To investigate whether Task Specific Training preceded by motor imagery or Task Specific Training alone was more effective for facilitating sit to stand in patients with stroke. Methods: Thirty male patients with stroke were selected from the Cairo University Outpatient Clinic; the median age of participants was 54. 5  3. 51 years and they were divided equally into two groups. Patients in study group A (n = 15) received motor imagery Training for 15 minutes followed by Task Specific Training for 45 minutes, as well as a selected physical therapy program 3 times per week for 6 weeks. The control group B (n = 15) received Task Specific Training for 45 minutes, as well as a selected physical therapy program 3 times per week for 6 weeks. The Fugl-Meyer section of the lower extremity (FMA-LE), Timed up and go test (TUG), and Biodex Balance system were assessed before and after treatment. Results: The results were highly significant for all variables including FMA-LE, TUG and Biodex Balance system in favor of the study group, post treatment. (P = 0. 0004, P = 0. 0001 and P = 0. 0001, respectively). Conclusions: Motor imagery Training results in greater improvement in sit to stand ability when used in conjunction with Task Specific Training, rather than Task Specific Training alone.

Efficient distribution of service requests between fog and cloud nodes considering user mobility and fog nodes’ overload is an important issue of fog computing. This paper proposes a heuristic method for Task placement considering the mobility of users, aiming to serve a higher number of requested services and minimize their response time. This method introduces a formula to overload prediction based on the entry-exit ratio of users and the estimated time required to perform current requests that are waiting in the queue of a fog node. Then, it provides a solution to avoid the predicted overloading of fog nodes by sending all delay-tolerant requests in the overloaded fog node’s queue to the cloud to reduce the time required for servicing delay-sensitive requests and to increase their acceptance rate. In addition, to prevent requests from being rejected when the mobile user leaves the coverage area of the current fog node, the requests in the current fog node’s queue will be transferred to the destination fog node. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method is effective in avoiding the overloading of the fog nodes and outperforms the existing methods in terms of response time and acceptance rate.

The main aim of this study was to determine the effect of dual-Task, single-Task, and combined-Task Trainingon older adults’ gait, with or without the experience of falling.For this purpose, we recruited 120 volunteers in Babol in the 60–80 age range. The participants were randomly divided into different groups, including: two control groups, two experimental groups assigned with single Task, two experimental groups assigned with dual Task, and two groups assigned with combined Task. To evaluate the quality of gait in older adults, we applied the ‘Timed up and go test (TUG).’ After pre-examining the participants according to the Task their groups were assigned, they participated in single-Task, dual-Task, and combined-Task exercises. After about two months, the subjects participated in TUG again. All groups were assessed in both single-Task and dual-Task conditions. The results of mixed ANOVA test showed that the effect of intervention, and the interactive effect of intervention and group under both test conditions were meaningful, but the post-test difference between these two conditions was not significant. Probably, the increase in cognitive and physical ability is the key reason for a better quality of gait.

Background: The effects of limb-Specific fatigue on motor skill acquisition and retention are not clear. Objective: To investigate the impact of limb-Specific fatigue on acquisition and retention of an upper extremity proprioceptive Task. Methods: Twenty-two right-handed participants were randomly and equally assigned to either fatigued or non-fatigued protocols. Acquisition phase for the upper extremity Task consisted of 5 blocks each with 12 trials. After 48 hours, all participants performed 1 block retention test (12 trials) with the left arm followed by 1 block transfer test (12 trials) with the right arm. Performance for each block was analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Performance differences between groups for acquisition was analyzed using a 2 x 5 (group x block) ANOVA with repeated measures on the blocks. The performance on retention-transfer was analyzed by separate ANOVAs. Statistical significance set at p<0. 05. Results: The fatigued condition displayed significantly more E than the nonfatigue group (p<0. 05). During retention and transfer, the fatigue group again displayed higher E compared to the non-fatigued group (p<0. 05). Conclusion: The results of this study support that limb-Specific fatigue may produce performance deficits during acquisition and interfere with motor skill retention.